Publications by ENTWINED participantsBelow you will find all our publications to date. They are also sorted by briefs, reports and articles. You can also search by author, keyword and title in the above search engine.
2012-01-12
Border Carbon Adjustment
Aaron Cosbey, IISD.
Border carbon adjustments (BCAs) are being proposed in a number of legislative and political fora. They are intended to address competitiveness concerns and carbon leakage, and to help force major developing countries to take on hard commitments in...
2012-01-11
Who is accountable at the World Trade Organization?
Robert Wolfe
This paper takes the importance of asking about accountability for granted, and looks only at the WTO. The immediate objective is to ask who might be accountable at WTO, which requires considering what sort of entity WTO is, in the next section, and...
2011-12-14
Trade and Production Policies for Biofuels
Håkan Eggert, Carolyn Fischer and Mads Greaker
In this issue brief we take a closer look at advanced or second-generation biofuels. We discuss their contribution to mitigating greenhouse-gas emissions and the potential role of trade and government policies in promoting non-fossil fuel substitutes...
2011-12-14
On the Role of MEAs in the WTO: Legislators´ Silence Speaks Volumes
Henrik Horn and Petros Mavroidis
The purpose of this Brief is to point to reasons why adjudicating bodies of the World Trade Organization (WTO) should be cautious when drawing on multilateral environmental agreements. The main purpose of such agreements should be to provide factual...
2011-12-14
Natural Rubber in a Changing Market: The Opportunity for a Global Sustainability Framework
Ulrich Hoffmann and Jason Potts
This brief aims to stimulate discussion and global cooperation on the development and implementation of a criteria-based sustainability framework for the natural rubber sector.
2011-12-14
Looking Back, Looking Forward:Civil Society Contributions to WTO Accountability
By Mark Halle and Robert Wolfe with assistance from Christopher Beaton.
On May 9th 2011, representatives from the WTO Secretariat, civil society and academia gathered at the World Trade Organization in Geneva to discuss the role that civil society does and should play in ensuring WTO accountability. This brief broadly...
2011-05-11
Has the G8 truly grasped accountability?
Philippe Mineau and Robert Wolfe
Published in Embassy, February 9, 2011Last year's G20 summit in Toronto is still attracting attention, yet public concerns over billion-dollar-costs and police mishandling of protesters have overshadowed the central issue that Canada brought to the...
2011-05-06
Accountability in and of global governance
Anna Drake, Queen's University
In the almost 20 years since the establishment of the WTO, levels of transparency and participationhave increased significantly. Accountability, however, has not progressed nearly to the same extent. In the context of global governance the study of a...
2009-04-15
A Sustainable Development Roadmap for the WTO
Aaron Cosbey
The impasse in the Doha negotiations offers both grounds for concern about the current regime´s model, and the breathing space in which to thoughtfully consider how that model might better serve today´s needs. This short book argues that the WTO has...
2011-04-15
Did the protectionist dog bark? Transparency, accountability, and the WTO during the global financial crisis
Robert Wolfe and Mark Halle
Leaders of the G20 promised repeatedly that they would refrain from trade restrictions in response to the global financial crisis that began in 2008, and that they would minimize the negative impact on trade and investment of stimulus measures. They...
2011-03-28
The State of Sustainability Initiatives Review 2010: Sustanability and Transparency
Jason Potts, Jessica van der Meer, Jaclyn Daitchman
The SSI Review represents the most up-to-date and comprehensive overview of the market trends and system characteristics of major voluntary sustainability standards and initiatives in the forestry, coffee, cocoa, tea and banana sectors. The review...
2011-03-04
The Burden of Proof in Environmental Disputes in the WTO: Legal Aspects
Henrik Horn and Petros Mavroidis
Published in European Energy and Environmental Law Review 18(2), 2009.This paper discusses allocation of burden of proof in environmental disputes in the WTO system. Besides laying down the natural principles that (i) the complainant carries the...
2011-03-04
The Permissible Reach of National Environmental Policies
Henrik Horn and Petros Mavroidis
Published in Journal of World Trade 42(6) 2008Trading nations exchange tariff concessions in the context of trade liberalizing rounds. Tariffs, nonetheless, are not the only instrument affecting the value of a concession. Domestic instruments affect...
2011-03-04
Does Trade Help or Hinder the Conservation of Natural Resources?
Carolyn Fischer
Published in Review of Environmental Economics and Policy Trade exerts important influences on the exploitation and protection of natural resources. Indeed, recognition of this influence is codified in the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade, which...
2011-03-04
The Global Effects of Subglobal Climate Policies
Christoph Boehringer, Carolyn Fischer and Knut Einar Rosendahl
Published in B.E Journal of Economic Analysis & PolicyIndividual countries are in the process of legislating responses to the challenges posed by climate change. The prospect of rising carbon prices raises concerns in these nations about the...
2011-03-04
Trade, GMOs and Environmental Risk: Are Current Policies Likely to Improve Welfare?
Håkan Eggert and Mads Greaker
Published in Environmental and Resource Economics Volume 48, Number 4, 587-608, DOI: 10.1007/s10640-010-9405-2Food with inputs from genetically modified organisms (GMOs) has met considerable skepticism among European Union (EU) consumers. The EU...
2011-03-03
Climate Change and the WTO: Legal Issues Concerning Border Tax Adjustments
Henrik Horn and Petros Mavroidis
Published in Japanese Yearbook of International Law 53, 2010In this paper we discuss how a WTO adjudicating body would likely adjudicate a dispute concerning the legality of a Border Carbon Adjustment/Border Tax Adjustment scheme under the GATT, and...
2011-03-03
The Burden of Proof in National Treatment Disputes and the Environment
Henrik Horn
Published in Journal of Environmental Economics and Management 62 (2011) 15—29The WTO leaves discretion over environmental policies to its members, but requests
that a fundamental non-discrimination principle is respected: National Treatment (NT).
The...
2011-02-14
Building a Sustainable Cocoa Economy
Jason Potts
The global cocoa economy faces a variety of important sustainability challenges as it moves towards expanded and more specialized production. The rapid growth of markets for products compliant with recognized sustainability standards represents both...
2011-01-24
Does stated purchasing behavior predict actual behavior?
Mark Sancturay and Richard Friberg
This paper studies the extent to which the stated behavior of a household predicts the same household´s actual shopping choices with respect to products that carry Environmental and Ethical (EE) labels. The analysis uses three years of household panel...
2011-01-11
Final Report for Phase I of ENTWINED 2007-2009
Scientific knowledge and tools to integrate environmental aspects
and the international trade regime
Mark Sanctuary
Final Report for Phase I of ENTWINED 2007-2009Scientific knowledge and tools to integrate environmental aspectsand the international trade regime
2010-12-21
Who Wins from Fairtrade: Evidence from the Retail Cofee Market
Mark Sanctuary
Concerns for health, the environment and fair working conditions appear to be spurring the appearance of goods that address these concerns. These goods distinguish themselves from their "conventional" counterparts in several respects including for...
2010-12-14
Climate Change and the WTO: Legal Issues Concerning
Border Tax Adjustments
Henrik Horn, Petros C. Mavroidis
2010-10-27
The Global Effects of Subglobal Climate Policies
Cristoph Bohringer, Carolyn Fischer, Knut Einar Rosendahl
In The Global Effects of Subglobal Climate Policies, RFF Senior Fellow Carolyn Fischer and coauthors Christoph Bohringer and Knut Einar Rosendahl examine the interactions of subglobal climate policies and the global trading system.
2010-10-15
A new approach to transparency and accountability in the WTO
Mark Halle and Robert Wolfe
How can the WTO improve its treatment of transparency obligations? What is a better way to allocate the burden of proof in environmental disputes before the WTO?
2010-10-15
The Law and Economics of Trade in Biofuels
Håkan Eggert, Carolyn Fischer and Petros Mavroidis
The purpose of this brief is to discuss the law and economics of indirect and direct trade policies for biofuels, where the overall objective is to assess implications for sustainable development.
2010-10-15
Border Carbon Adjustments from a Trade Policy Perspective
Carolyn Fischer and Henrik Horn
This Issue Brief addresses some of the potential problems that can be foreseen from a trade-policy perspective.
2010-10-15
Sustainable Markets are Growing
- Is Sustainability Keeping Pace?
Jason Potts and Mark Sanctuary
This ENTWINED Issue Brief examines the main constraints to sustainable-coffee markets and identifies three concrete opportunities that can leverage development in this field. This next phase must begin with a better understanding of farmer-level...
2010-05-25
Have Countries with Lax Environmental Regulations a Comparative Advantage in Polluting Industries?
Thomas Sterner
In this brief we report the results of an empirical study of a crosssection of 71 developed and developing countries in the year 2000. We investigate to what extent differences in environmental policy among countries are a source of comparative...
2010-05-25
Climate Policy and Emissions Leakage: Comparing the Options
Carolyn Fischer
The potential scale of the impacts and the range of industries affected by proposed climate policies are unprecedented in the history of environmental regulation. A price placed on carbon emissions, such as through a cap-and-trade system, will not...
2010-05-20
The Burden of Proof in Environmental Disputes Before the WTO: Legal Aspects
Henrik Horn and Petros C. Mavroidis
2009-12-17
Voluntary Sustainability Standards and Value Chain Governance: How sustainability standards affect the distribution of decision-making power in global value chains
Jason Potts, Kathleen Sexsmith
Sustainability standards affect decision-making processes in global value chains by appropriating and redistributing power to set, implement and verify compliance with the terms of chain participation. Standards have the potential to give commodity...
2009-12-17
On blending mandates, border tax adjustment and import standards for biofuels
Håkan Eggert and Mads Greaker
The transport sector is a major contributor to green house gas (GHG) emissions and its share is increasing. Biofuels may pro- vide an option to replace fossil fuels and generate an increasing worldwide interest. Rich countries like the US and the...
2009-05-12
Voluntary Sustainability Standards and Economic Rents - The Economic Impacts of Voluntary Sustainability Standards along the Coffee, Forestry and Fisheries Value Chains
Jason Potts and Kathleen Sexsmith
Since the development of organic and fair trade labels in the 1970s and 1980s, the use of “private voluntary standards" as a means for distinguishing products in terms of their sustainability has grown exponentially. Fuelled by a growing awareness of...
2009-02-27
The Burden of Proof in National Treatment Disputes and the Environment
Henrik Horn
This paper examines the role of the burden of proof (BoP) in National Treatment (NT) disputes under trade agreements. In the situation under study, imports may cause environmental damage, in which case less favorable treatment of imported products may...
2009-02-27
Effects of Global Fisheries on Developing Countries - Possibilities for Income and Threat of Depletion
Håkan Eggert and Mads Greaker
This study deals with fisheries and trade, focusing on developing countries. Fish is globally traded, and for many developing countries, it is an important net export good. In most of these countries, fisheries are often characterized by poorly...
2009-02-27
On biofuels and trade: Tariffs, standards or import subsidies?
Håkan Eggert and Mads Greaker
The transport sector is a major contributor to green house gas (GHG) emissions and its share is increasing. Biofuels may provide an option to replace fossil fuels and generate an increasing worldwide interest. Rich countries like the US and the...
2009-02-27
The Impact of Type I Ecolabelling Schemes to Improve the Environmental Performance of Products
Andreas Öman
The key objective of Type 1 eco-labelling schemes is to realise environmental gains related to products. Unfortunately the evidence available of the performance of many enviromental policy instruments is very incomplete; type 1 eco-labelling schemes...
2008-11-14
Does trade help or hinder the conservation of natural resources?
Carolyn Fischer
Trade exerts important influences over the exploitation and protection of natural resources. Indeed, recognition of this influence is codified in the GATT, which allows exceptions to the treaty obligations for measures “relating to the conservation of...
2008-07-01
Comparing Policies to Combat Emissions Leakage: Border Tax Adjustments versus Rebates
Carolyn Fischer and Alan Fox
We explore conditions determining which anti-leakage policies might be more effective complements to domestic GHG emissions regulation. We consider four policies that could be combined with unilateral emissions pricing to counter effects on...
2008-07-01
Competing Environmental Labels
Carolyn Fischer and Thomas Lyon
We study markets in which consumers prefer environmentally friendly products but cannot determine the environmental quality of any given firm´s product on their own. A non-governmental organization (NGO) can establish a voluntary standard and label...
2008-06-10
Have Countries with Lax Environmental Regulations a Comparative Advantage in Polluting Industries?
Miguel Quiroga, Thomas Sterner, and Martin Persson
We study whether lax environmental regulations induce comparative advantages, causing the least-regulated countries to specialize in polluting industries. The study is based on the Trefler and Zhu [24] definition of the factor content of trade. For...
2008-06-10
GMO food in the European Union: Are policies likely to be protectionist?
Mads Greaker and Håkan Eggert
Food with inputs from genetically modified organisms (GMOs) has met considerable skepticism among European Union (EU) consumers. The EU import ban on GM food has triggered a great deal of controversy and has been replaced by a mandatory labeling...
2008-02-17
The legality of PPMs under the GATT - Challenges and Opportunities for Sustainable Trade Policy
Jason Potts
Since the Tuna-Dolphin cases in the mid-´90s, the treatment of process and production methods (PPMs) under the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), and subsequently the World Trade Organization (WTO), has remained a high profile concern for...
2007-11-06
Trade and Environment - A resource book
Edited by Adil Naja, Mark Halle and Ricardo Meléndez-Ortiz
We hope that this book is not just readable, but also useful and useable. This book flows from the realization that the trade and environment policy debate is technically complex, is becoming highly specialized and is full of cumbersome—and not always...
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