Articles by ENTWINED participants
2012-04-03
The Role of Trade and Competitivness Measures in U.S Climate Policy
Published in American Economic Review, May 2011. Vol. 101, No 3: pages 258-262.
Carolyn Fischer and Alan K. Fox
We review the proposed measures for addressing competitiveness and carbon leakage concerns in recent U.S. climate policy legislation. For eligible energy-intensive, trade-exposed sectors, output-based rebates would initially dampen cost increases;...
2012-04-03
Competing Environmental Labels
Carolyn Fischer and Thomas P. Lyon
We study markets in which consumers prefer environmentally friendly products but cannot determine the environmental quality of any given firm´s product on their own. A non-governmental organization (NGO) can establish a voluntary standard and label...
2012-04-02
Between Transparency and Adjudication: Environmental Measures in the WTO TBT Committee
Henrik Horn, Petros C. Mavroidis and Erik Wijkström
The Dispute Settlement mechanism of the World Trade Organization WTO has hitherto adjudicated only a few disputes over environmental issues. Indeed, of the 147 Panel reports and 85 Appellate Body AB reports that have been issued so far, only a handful...
2012-03-14
Trade's growing footprint
Carolyn Fischer
The production of traded goods accounts for a significant proportion of global greenhouse-gas emissions. Now analysis reveals that emissions embodied in imports from developing countries have out-stripped emission reductions made by developed...
2012-03-14
To BTA or not to BTA
Henrik Horn and Petros C Mavroidis
This paper asks two questions concerning border tax adjustments (BTAs) for climate purposes, when viewed from a trade perspective: First, under what conditions are BTAs possible in the WTO-world? To address this issue, the paper provides a detailed...
2012-03-13
Optimal tariffs, emission policies and border carbon adjustments
Mark Sanctuary
I examine the implications of a unilaterally deployed border carbon adjustment (BCA) onclimate and trade policy. This paper undertakes a formal analysis of the potential strategic implications of BCA measures. Working within a standard two-good,...
2011-05-11
Has the G8 truly grasped accountability?
Philippe Mineau and Robert Wolfe
Last year's G20 summit in Toronto is still attracting attention, yet public concerns over billion-dollar-costs and police mishandling of protesters have overshadowed the central issue that Canada brought to the table: accountability. The Muskoka...
2011-03-04
The Burden of Proof in Environmental Disputes in the WTO: Legal Aspects
Henrik Horn and Petros Mavroidis
This paper discusses allocation of burden of proof in environmental disputes in the WTO system. Besides laying down the natural principles that (i) the complainant carries the burden to (ii) make a prima facie case that its claim holds, WTO...
2011-03-04
The Permissible Reach of National Environmental Policies
Henrik Horn and Petros Mavroidis
Trading nations exchange tariff concessions in the context of trade liberalizing rounds. Tariffs, nonetheless, are not the only instrument affecting the value of a concession. Domestic instruments affect it as well, but public order is not negotiable,...
2011-03-04
Does Trade Help or Hinder the Conservation of Natural Resources?
Carolyn Fischer
Trade exerts important influences on the exploitation and protection of natural resources. Indeed, recognition of this influence is codified in the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade, which allows exceptions to treaty obligations for measures...
2011-03-04
The Global Effects of Subglobal Climate Policies
Christoph Boehringer, Carolyn Fischer and Knut Einar Rosendahl
Individual countries are in the process of legislating responses to the challenges posed by climate change. The prospect of rising carbon prices raises concerns in these nations about the effects on the competitiveness of their own energy-intensive...
2011-03-04
Trade, GMOs and Environmental Risk: Are Current Policies Likely to Improve Welfare?
Håkan Eggert and Mads Greaker
Food with inputs from genetically modified organisms (GMOs) has met considerable skepticism among European Union (EU) consumers. The EU import ban on GM food has triggered a great deal of controversy and has been partly replaced by a mandatory...
2011-03-03
Climate Change and the WTO: Legal Issues Concerning Border Tax Adjustments
Henrik Horn and Petros Mavroidis
In this paper we discuss how a WTO adjudicating body would likely adjudicate a dispute concerning the legality of a Border Carbon Adjustment/Border Tax Adjustment scheme under the GATT, and we juxtapose it to our own preferred approach. There are some...
2011-03-03
The Burden of Proof in National Treatment Disputes and the Environment
Henrik Horn
The WTO leaves discretion over environmental policies to its members, but requeststhat a fundamental non-discrimination principle is respected: National Treatment (NT).The provision seeks to prevent protectionist use of domestic policy instruments,re...
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